源码分析 | ClickHouse和他的朋友们 (8) 纯手工打造的SQL解析器

本文首发于 2020-07-26 21:55:10

《ClickHouse 和他的朋友们》系列文章转载自圈内好友 BohuTANG 的博客,原文链接:
https://bohutang.me/2020/07/25/clickhouse-and-friends-parser/
以下为正文。

现实生活中的物品一旦被标记为“纯手工打造”,给人的第一感觉就是“上乘之品”,一个字“贵”,比如北京老布鞋。

但是在计算机世界里,如果有人告诉你 ClickHouse 的 SQL 解析器是纯手工打造的,是不是很惊讶!

这个问题引起了不少网友的关注,所以本篇聊聊 ClickHouse 的纯手工解析器,看看它们的底层工作机制及优缺点。

枯燥先从一个 SQL 开始:

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EXPLAIN SELECT a,b FROM t1

token

首先对 SQL 里的字符逐个做判断,然后根据其关联性做 token 分割:

parser.png

比如连续的 WordChar,那它就是 BareWord,解析函数在 Lexer::nextTokenImpl(),解析调用栈:

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DB::Lexer::nextTokenImpl() Lexer.cpp:63
DB::Lexer::nextToken() Lexer.cpp:52
DB::Tokens::operator[](unsigned long) TokenIterator.h:36
DB::TokenIterator::get() TokenIterator.h:62
DB::TokenIterator::operator->() TokenIterator.h:64
DB::tryParseQuery(DB::IParser&, char const*&, char const*, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >&, bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&, bool, unsigned long, unsigned long) parseQuery.cpp:224
DB::parseQueryAndMovePosition(DB::IParser&, char const*&, char const*, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&, bool, unsigned long, unsigned long) parseQuery.cpp:314
DB::parseQuery(DB::IParser&, char const*, char const*, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) parseQuery.cpp:332
DB::executeQueryImpl(const char *, const char *, DB::Context &, bool, DB::QueryProcessingStage::Enum, bool, DB::ReadBuffer *) executeQuery.cpp:272
DB::executeQuery(DB::ReadBuffer&, DB::WriteBuffer&, bool, DB::Context&, std::__1::function<void (std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&)>) executeQuery.cpp:731
DB::MySQLHandler::comQuery(DB::ReadBuffer&) MySQLHandler.cpp:313
DB::MySQLHandler::run() MySQLHandler.cpp:150

ast

token 是最基础的元组,他们之间没有任何关联,只是一堆生冷的词组与符号,所以我们还需对其进行语法解析,让这些 token 之间建立一定的关系,达到一个可描述的活力。

ClickHouse 在解每一个 token 的时候,会根据当前的 token 进行状态空间进行预判(parse 返回 true 则进入子状态空间继续),然后决定状态跳转,比如:

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EXPLAIN  -- TokenType::BareWord

逻辑首先会进入 Parsers/ParserQuery.cpp 的 ParserQuery::parseImpl 方法:

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bool res = query_with_output_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| insert_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| use_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| set_role_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| set_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| system_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| create_user_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| create_role_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| create_quota_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| create_row_policy_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| create_settings_profile_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| drop_access_entity_p.parse(pos, node, expected)
|| grant_p.parse(pos, node, expected);

这里会对所有 query 类型进行 parse 方法的调用,直到有分支返回 true。

我们来看第一层 query_with_output_p.parse Parsers/ParserQueryWithOutput.cpp

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bool parsed =
explain_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| select_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| show_create_access_entity_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| show_tables_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| table_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| describe_table_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| show_processlist_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| create_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| alter_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| rename_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| drop_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| check_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| kill_query_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| optimize_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| watch_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| show_access_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| show_access_entities_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| show_grants_p.parse(pos, query, expected)
|| show_privileges_p.parse(pos, query, expected

跳进第二层 explain_p.parse ParserExplainQuery::parseImpl状态空间:

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bool ParserExplainQuery::parseImpl(Pos & pos, ASTPtr & node, Expected & expected)
{
ASTExplainQuery::ExplainKind kind;
bool old_syntax = false;

ParserKeyword s_ast("AST");
ParserKeyword s_analyze("ANALYZE");
ParserKeyword s_explain("EXPLAIN");
ParserKeyword s_syntax("SYNTAX");
ParserKeyword s_pipeline("PIPELINE");
ParserKeyword s_plan("PLAN");

... ...
else if (s_explain.ignore(pos, expected))
{
... ...
}

... ...

ParserSelectWithUnionQuery select_p;
ASTPtr query;
if (!select_p.parse(pos, query, expected))
return false;
... ...

s_explain.ignore 方法会进行一个 keyword 解析,解析出 ast node:

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EXPLAIN -- keyword

跃进第三层 select_p.parse ParserSelectWithUnionQuery::parseImpl状态空间:

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bool ParserSelectWithUnionQuery::parseImpl(Pos & pos, ASTPtr & node, Expected & expected)
{
ASTPtr list_node;

ParserList parser(std::make_unique<ParserUnionQueryElement>(), std::make_unique<ParserKeyword>("UNION ALL"), false);
if (!parser.parse(pos, list_node, expected))
return false;
...

parser.parse 里又调用第四层 ParserSelectQuery::parseImpl 状态空间:

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bool ParserSelectQuery::parseImpl(Pos & pos, ASTPtr & node, Expected & expected)
{
auto select_query = std::make_shared<ASTSelectQuery>();
node = select_query;

ParserKeyword s_select("SELECT");
ParserKeyword s_distinct("DISTINCT");
ParserKeyword s_from("FROM");
ParserKeyword s_prewhere("PREWHERE");
ParserKeyword s_where("WHERE");
ParserKeyword s_group_by("GROUP BY");
ParserKeyword s_with("WITH");
ParserKeyword s_totals("TOTALS");
ParserKeyword s_having("HAVING");
ParserKeyword s_order_by("ORDER BY");
ParserKeyword s_limit("LIMIT");
ParserKeyword s_settings("SETTINGS");
ParserKeyword s_by("BY");
ParserKeyword s_rollup("ROLLUP");
ParserKeyword s_cube("CUBE");
ParserKeyword s_top("TOP");
ParserKeyword s_with_ties("WITH TIES");
ParserKeyword s_offset("OFFSET");

ParserNotEmptyExpressionList exp_list(false);
ParserNotEmptyExpressionList exp_list_for_with_clause(false);
ParserNotEmptyExpressionList exp_list_for_select_clause(true);
...

if (!exp_list_for_select_clause.parse(pos, select_expression_list, expected))
return false;

第五层 exp_list_for_select_clause.parse ParserExpressionList::parseImpl状态空间继续:

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bool ParserExpressionList::parseImpl(Pos & pos, ASTPtr & node, Expected & expected)
{
return ParserList(
std::make_unique<ParserExpressionWithOptionalAlias>(allow_alias_without_as_keyword),
std::make_unique<ParserToken>(TokenType::Comma))
.parse(pos, node, expected);
}

… … 写不下去个鸟!

可以发现,ast parser 的时候,预先构造好状态空间,比如 select 的状态空间:

  1. expression list
  2. from tables
  3. where
  4. group by
  5. with …
  6. order by
  7. limit

在一个状态空间內,还可以根据 parse 返回的 bool 判断是否继续进入子状态空间,一直递归解析出整个 ast。

总结

手工 parser 的好处是代码清晰简洁,每个细节可防可控,以及友好的错误处理,改动起来不会一发动全身。

缺点是手工成本太高,需要大量的测试来保证其正确性,还需要一些 fuzz 来保证可靠性。

好在 ClickHouse 已经实现的比较全面,即使有新的需求,在现有基础上修修补补即可。


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标题 网址
GitHub https://dbkernel.github.io
知乎 https://www.zhihu.com/people/dbkernel/posts
思否(SegmentFault) https://segmentfault.com/u/dbkernel
掘金 https://juejin.im/user/5e9d3ed251882538083fed1f/posts
CSDN https://blog.csdn.net/dbkernel
博客园(cnblogs) https://www.cnblogs.com/dbkernel
文章目录
  1. 1. token
  2. 2. ast
  3. 3. 总结
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